Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP), also referred to as a herniated disc, is a common spine pathology that occurs approximately 95% of the time at the L4-L5 or L5-S1 level (Fisher et al., 2004; Asch ...

Lumbar disc hernias can be alleviated with conservative treatments such as painkillers in around 80% of cases, but for the remaining 20%, surgery was the only way to control the pain. However ...

Lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus ... thickening and bulging of the ligamentum flavum, bulging of an intervertebral disc, osteophyte formation, or spondylolisthesis. Symptoms include leg and ...