Robert Kowal, vice president of Medtronic’s cardiac pacing therapies ... pacemakers were “crude devices,” with wires coming out of the person’s body and “they were susceptible like ...

Figure 3 shows coronary sinus model 2187 (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN). Figure 4 shows the Aescula (St. Jude, Sylmar, CA). Chest radiograph showing direct epicardial left ventricular pacing.

Sixty-seven years ago on Halloween, a rolling power outage wreaked havoc across the Twin Cities and at the University of Minnesota hospital, where cardiac patients were relying on electrical ...